When it comes to framing residential structures, there are numerous options available so it’s essential to consider each of these options carefully. It’s easy to get caught up in the aesthetics of a house and overlook the structural elements. Today, we’ll delve into residential framing options to ensure you understand what is available as an informed consumer.
The most common framing method used in the United States is wood or “stick” framing, particularly 2×4 framing. This involves using two-inch by four-inch studs of varying lengths as the primary framing components in home construction. Interestingly, transitioning from 2×4 to 2×6 or 2×8 exterior walls can significantly enhance insulation capacity. This upgrade may result in a warmer structure in winter, a cooler one in summer, and potential energy savings. Additionally, increased insulation can improve the wall structure’s resistance to noise, known as the STC or sound transmission class rating.
Following the initial framing, walls are typically covered with sheathing, usually consisting of OSB or plywood. Advanced forms of sheathing, like Zip System sheathing, offer a weather-resistant barrier with taped seams to create a tighter structure. Incorporating a weather barrier into the sheathing also saves on labor as it negates the need for “house wrap”. Some manufacturers even offer insulated sheathing, incorporating insulation into the panels. By adding insulation to the exterior, you effectively wrap the building in a thermal layer, reducing thermal bridging and enhancing energy efficiency. Taking things a step further and taping the seams of exterior insulation provides air sealing benefits. See our previous article on air sealing for more information.
Another wood framing option is structurally insulated panels or SIPs, which involve panels of wood with insulation sandwiched between. SIPs allow for quick assembly, creating a uniformly insulated structure. These pre-manufactured panels offer high performance and tight construction, though they may require special handling due to their weight.
Steel framing presents another alternative, offering straighter and stronger studs compared to wood. While steel is not susceptible to decay or rot, it is more expensive and may lead to thermal bridging. Additionally, residential drywall crews may encounter difficulties working with steel studs if they are unfamiliar with the material.
A preferred option for many is insulated concrete form (ICF) construction. ICF blocks consist of layers of insulation surrounding a core of interlocking webbed material for poured concrete and rebar. This assembly provides incredible strength, superior insulation, fire resistance, pest resistance, and excellent air sealing properties. ICF construction offers remarkable energy efficiency, noise reduction, and even safety benefits, such as storm resistance. ICF is a fairly expensive investment.
Concrete blocks are also an option for wall framing, offering fireproof and pest-resistant properties. However, they lack the insulation component found in ICF, resulting in lower energy efficiency.
Consider the optimal framing method and material for your budget and location. While options like ICF and SIPs may be relatively expensive, they offer significant benefits in terms of energy efficiency and comfort. Structural upgrades, such as adding exterior insulation or upgrading wall thickness, can also provide notable improvements. Remember to choose wisely, as changing framing methods after construction begins can be challenging and costly.